More than 60% of global demand for critical minerals is currently being met through international trade, underscoring the growing interdependence of countries for key resources essential to energy transition and advanced technologies, according to the International Energy Forum (IEF).
The IEF noted that minerals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements are increasingly sourced through cross-border supply chains, making global trade flows vital for clean energy, electric mobility, and digital infrastructure. This dependence also exposes countries to supply risks arising from geopolitical tensions, export restrictions, and market concentration.
The findings highlight the need for diversified sourcing strategies, stronger international cooperation, and investments in domestic mining and processing capacities to ensure long-term supply security of critical minerals.